VOLUME 1, 1992
Appleyard, R.T.
"Migration and Development: A Critical Relationship." Vol. 1 (1), p.
1-18, 1992.
Wide income differentials, the threat of increased illegal immigration from developing
countries, and sub-replacement fertility in the developed countries are some reasons for
the recent reassessment of the relationship between migration and development. New
theoretical models have emerged to identify migration's role in transitional sequences of
economic and political evolution. The task of government is to integrate migration into
its program for socio-economic development. The model presented in this article proposes
different roles for permanent immigrants, contract workers, professional transients,
illegal migrants and others according to the stages of modernization of the sending and
receiving countries. The model was found consistent with the experiences of Mauritius,
Seychelles, Singapore and, to a lesser extent, Malaysia.
Skeldon, Ronald
"International Migration within and from the East and Southeast Asian Region:
A Review Essay." Vol. 1 (1), p. 19-63, 1992.
Five migration systems are described: settler, student, contract labor, skilled labor, and
refugee. Settler migration to the U.S., Canada and Australia has consisted primarily of
family members; the future may bring a greater emphasis on highly skilled and business
categories. Contract labor migration, particularly to the Middle East, has provided jobs,
foreign currency through remittances and greater participation of women, but also led to
illegal migration, skills drain, and labor abuses. The hierarchy of development had led to
intra-regional flows: (1) skilled labor mainly from Japan to other countries in the
region, and (2) contract labor and illegal migration from the LDCs to the NIEs and Japan.
Gardner, Robert W.
"Asian Immigration: The View from the United States." Vol. 1 (1), p.
64-99, 1992.
Between the 1965 immigration law and 1990, Asian immigration to the United States
increased tenfold to a quarter of a million annually. As sender of the most immigrants,
Japan has yielded to the Philippines, South Korea, Vietnam, India and China. From
1974-1989, over 900,000 Southeast Asian refugees entered the United States. Most Asians
today are admitted in the family preference category. On average, the sex ratio is
balanced, but over 55% of immigrants from South Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan are
female. Asian concentrate geographically (notably in California) and exert growing
political influence in those areas. Except for refugees, Asians are generally viewed as
having a positive impact as students and workers. On the other hand, in as much as they
contribute to ethnic diversity, they fan the current fears over threats to a common
American cultural heritage. Anti-Asian hate crimes and interethnic violence have risen.
Asian immigration is likely to continue to rise and show greater emphasis on employment
preference categories.
Hugo, Graeme
"Knocking at the Doors: Asian Immigration to Australia." Vol. 1 (1), p.
100-144, 1992.
This paper assesses the level and composition of contemporary Asian immigration to
Australia and explores its processes and impacts. The final reversal of the White
Australia Policy in the 1970s opened the door to substantial increases in Asian
immigration, particularly from Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, China, India and Hong
Kong. Most migrants are entering through the family reunion, refugee and business
migration categories. Vietnamese dominate both family reunion and refugee categories, but
the recent prominence among family migrants of Filipino wives and fiancees of Australian
men is drawing attention and controversy. Asian migrants tend to be young and female, but
there are also great variations in their economic and social adaptations to Australia.
Discrimination, exploitation and unemployment are among the problems faced by some Asian
groups.
Abella, Manolo
"The Troublesome Gulf: Research on Migration to the Middle East." Vol. 1
(1), p. 145-167, 1992.
This review of recent research outlines changes in the composition and organization of
labor supplies to the Middle East since the 1970s and indicates some effects on both
sending and receiving countries. Before the recent Gulfwar, Asians increasingly supplanted
Arab migrant workers, entering the Gulf labor force through kinship networks, recruitment
agencies and project-tied migration. At the national level, this emigration has sometimes
led to severe labor shortages, as in Pakistan. Another effect is the impact of remittances
on saving and investment behavior. A few detailed studies about countries of origin have
provided insights into the push factors of the migration process; however, a major problem
limiting research is poor survey and census data. In addition, research is lacking on the
conditions of Asian migrant workers in the Middle East, the impact of emigration on
demographic trends, and the important link between migration and development.
Singh, J.P.
"Migration in India: A Review." Vol. 1 (1), p. 168-192, 1992.
Migration in India has received increased scholarly attention in the past forty years,
assisted by additional categories of data collected through the National Census.
Considering the volume of both internal and international migration, the Indian population
is relatively immobile. Most movements occur locally; 60 percent of internal migration is
rural-rural on an intra-district level, consisting primarily of women moving with their
husbands after marriage. Next in importance is the rural-urban migration of males seeking
economic gain. The few studies done on migrants' characteristics show migration to be
highly selective of age, sex, marital status, education, occupation and caste. The
specific role of poverty in causing migration is still under debate. Key areas for further
research include a greater focus on immobility; the social and demographic consequences of
migration on sending and receiving communities; and the social, economic and demographic
behavior of the migrants.