VOLUME 5, 1996

Issue No. 4

Garnier, Philippe
"International Trade in Services: A Growing Trend Among Highly Skilled Migrants with Special Reference to Asia." Vol. 5 (4), p. 367-397, 1996.

International trade in services gained worldwide recognition with the 1994 GATT Agreements in Marrakech. Its predominant role in international exchanges as well as its contribution to the development of a global economy is now widely acknowledged. An essential component of trade in services is cross-border movements of service providers. However, contemporary literature has focused on skilled migration in general without paying much attention to this major constituent and has resulted in confusion. On the one hand, there are international movements of skilled transients who emigrate for individual reasons in a long term perspective. On the other hand, there are skilled temporary migrants who perform services abroad without the intention or right to settle or seek employment in the host country. This study aims to clarify these differences using the example provided by the Asian Pacific region. Moreover, this study shows that the dynamics of skilled international migration is largely determined by the circulatory movement of skills of international service providers and has emerged as an essential component of economic development strategy of the countries in the region.

De Jong, Gordon F., Andrea G. Johnson and Kerry Richter
"Determinants of Migration Values and Expectations in Rural Thailand." Vol. 5 (4), p. 399-416, 1996.

Based on the argument that values and expectations underlie behavioral motives, this study explores the determinants of migration-related values and expectations, and whether they are intervening factors in explaining intentions to move among residents of rural northeast Thailand. Data from the 1992 National Migration Survey of Thailand identify four migration-related value-expectancy dimensions: income, affiliation, stimulation, and comfort. Logistic regression analysis shows that landownership and being married are associated with higher expectations, while a diversified village economy, a village economic development program, and a younger and extended household structure are associated with lower expectations of attaining valued goals in the local rural village. The analysis also shows that value-expectancy concepts are only partial intervening explanations for intentions to move or stay.

Tiwari, Indra P.
"Impact of Migration on Rural Employment and Earnings in the Western Development Region of Nepal." Vol. 5 (4), p. 417-448, 1996.

This study was carried out to examine the impact of migration on rural employment and earnings in the Western Development Region of Nepal. Spatial mobility in expectation of employment and earning opportunities has remained a phenomenon in rural areas. Destinations of migrants have either been long or short distance. However, rural-to-rural migration has not contributed to occupational mobility and attainment of a higher level of earnings at the place of destination in comparison to the native population who have stayed behind. Temporary migration, largely to India, has resulted in occupational mobility, reduced rural underemployment, and contributed higher cash income to the participating households. Consequently, households with temporary outmigrant members who contribute to household earnings by salary, remittances, or pension, distinctly increase the earning level of this group and is significantly higher than that of households without any migrant members. The temporary outmigration of at least one member from more than one-third of total rural households has not had a negative impact on the subsistence production of agriculture.

Frideres, James S.
"Canada’s Changing Immigration Policy: Implications for Asian Immigrants." Vol. 5 (4), p. 449-470, 1996.

Canada has accepted immigrants since the turn of the century and has been a major player in the world wide movement of people. However, until the 1960s, most immigrants were white and from Western Europe. By the late 60s, Canada's immigration policy took on a more universalistic criteria and immigrants from around the world were able to enter. In 1971, Canada established a multicultural policy, reflecting the multi-ethnic composition of Canadian society. However, a quarter century later, economic and ideological pressures have forced the government of the day to rethink its immigration policy. The present paper reviews Canadian immigration policy and assesses the current situation. An analysis of the 1994 immigration consultation process is presented which led to the new changes in immigration policy. Recent changes in the organizational structure of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration and its policy are evaluated. The implications of the new immigration policy are discussed, particularly as it relates to Asian immigration.

Valtonen, Kathleen
"East Meets North: The Finnish-Vietnamese Community." Vol. 5 (4), p. 471-489, 1996.

This paper examines the integration process of the Vietnamese community in Finland by studying their societal participation in the sociocultural, eco-nomic and civil/political spheres. The extended family structure continues to have relevance in resettlement as a matrix that underlies role relationships. The ties of responsibility and obligation in the original family have not diminished with separation, but lead to the establishment of a double social citizenship as individuals and families continue their responsibilities both in the country of resettlement and that of origin. The empowerment of women in public roles has been one remarkable result of the universal language and labor market orientation programs.